LS (Legacy Surveys)
Legacy Imaging Surveys
Description
The Legacy Surveys cover ∼14,000 deg² of the extragalactic sky, and yield high-quality optical, near-infrared, and infrared photometric catalogs. The sky coverage is approximately bounded by -18° < δ < +84° in celestial coordinates and |b| > 18° in Galactic coordinates. Resulting images, models, and catalogs will enhance current and future wide area surveys such as SDSS/BOSS/eBOSS and DESI.
The Legacy Surveys data products and database are accessible via the Astro Data Lab as described here. See the Legacy Surveys team page for a complete description of the surveys and data files.
The Legacy Surveys are a combination of the DECam Legacy Survey (DECaLS) using the Dark Energy Camera on the Blanco 4m telescope, the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey (MzLS) using the MOSAIC instrument on the Mayall 4m telescope, and the Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey (BASS) using the 90Prime instrument at the Steward Observatory Bok telescope. These are described in detail below.
The ls_dr10.tractor, ls_dr9.tractor, and ls_dr8.tractor tables have each been crossmatched against our default reference datasets within a 1.5 arcsec radius, nearest neighbor only. These tables will appear with x1p5 in their name in our table browser. Example: ls_dr10.x1p5__tractor__gaia_dr3__gaia_source.
Legacys Surveys at a Glance
| Survey | Telescope | Band | Area |
|---|---|---|---|
| DECaLS | Blanco | g, r, z | 9500 sq. deg |
| MzLS | Mayall | z | 5000 sq. deg |
| BASS | Bok | g, r | 5000 sq. deg |
| AllWISE | WISE | W1, W2, W3, W4 | 5000 sq. deg |
DECaLS
The Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS) covers ∼9500 deg² in the g, r, z-bands to depths of g=24.7, r=23.9, z=23.0. Infrared WISE data are also extracted at the location of the DECaLS sources.
Status: The ninth data release (DR9) includes the full footprint of DECaLS in all three optical filters (DR9-South). Images from DECaLS g, r, z-band observations (NOAO survey program 2014B-0404) are included from 9th August 2014 through 7th March 2019. DR9 also includes DECam data from a range of non-DECaLS surveys, including observations that were conducted from 1st September 2013 to 7th March 2019. A large portion of these non-DECaLS observations were taken by the Dark Energy Survey team. DR9 supersedes DR8 and previous DECaLS releases.
Observing: The observations are taken with DECam on the 4-meter Blanco telescope in three passes at each sky location, and in each filter (g, r, z). "Pass 1" is observed in photometric, good-seeing conditions. "Pass 2" and "Pass 3" are observed in progressively worse conditions. This strategy was adopted to ensure a photometric solution across the full survey area. The observing time is adjusted as a function of sky brightness and transparency.
MzLS
The Mayall z-band Legacy Survey (MzLS) covers ∼5000 deg² in the z-band to depth of z=23.0.
Status: The ninth data release (DR9) includes the entire MzLS footprint of ∼5300 deg² in the z-band. DR9-North contains MzLS images taken between 19th November 2015 through 12th February 2018, and supersedes DR8 and previous MzLS releases. While no new data were added between DR8 and DR9, the data processing and photometry extraction were improved.
Observing: The observations are taken with MOSAIC on the Mayall telescope in three passes at each sky location. "Pass 1" is observed in photometric, good-seeing conditions. "Pass 2" and "Pass 3" are observed in progressively worse conditions. This strategy was adopted to ensure a photometric solution across the full survey area. The observing time is adjusted as a function of sky brightness and transparency. Single exposures reach 5-sigma point source depth of 23.04 (pass 1), 22.95 (pass 2), and 22.85 (pass 3).
BASS
The Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey (BASS) covers ∼5000 deg² in the g, r-bands to depths of g=24.4, r=23.9.
Status: The ninth data release (DR9) covers the full footprint of BASS (∼5000 deg²) in g-band and r-band. DR9-North includes BASS images taken from 12th November 2015 through 7th March 2019.
Observing: The observations are taken with 90Prime on the Bok telescope in three passes at each sky location, and in each filter (g, r). "Pass 1" is observed in photometric, good-seeing conditions. "Pass 2" and "Pass 3" are observed in progressively worse conditions. This strategy was adopted to ensure a photometric solution across the full survey area. The observing time is adjusted as a function of sky brightness and transparency. In the g-band, single exposures reach 5-sigma point source depth of 23.92 (pass 1), 23.89 (pass 2), and 23.89 (pass 3). In the r-band, single exposures reach depths of 23.30 (pass 1), 23.30 (pass 2), and 23.18 (pass 3).
Joining DR9-North & DR9-South
Unique area is resolved by including the BASS and MzLS images (from DR9-North) if they are both at Declination > 32.375° and North of the Galactic Plane. Otherwise, the DECam images (from DR9-South) are used. This method eliminates the overlap when combining the North and South areas into the full DR9 footprint.
Data Releases
LS DR10
The latest release from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Legacy Imaging Surveys team, the tenth data release (DR10) of the Legacy Surveys significantly expands its photometric observations to >20,000 square degrees, and includes entirely new imaging in the i-band, in addition to grz imaging and four infrared bands from WISE and NEOWISE. The imaging includes DECaLS g, r, z-band observations taken with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), as well as imaging in the g, r, i, z-bands associated with other observing programs using DECam such as the DeROSITAS survey, the BLISS+ survey, and the Dark Energy Survey (DES).
However, imaging data of the Northern sky from BASS and MzLS were not reprocessed for DR10. For convenience, we serve both the DR10-South main photometry table (ls_dr10.tractor_s) and a combined table comprising that table and its DR9-North counterpart (ls_dr9.tractor_n), called simply ls_dr10.tractor, along with corresponding combined table of aperture flux values from the DR10-South (ls_dr10.apflux_s) with its DR9-North counterpart (ls_dr9.apflux_n) called ls_dvr10.apflux, and also a combined WISE light curves photometry table from DR10-South (ls_dr10.wise_s) with its counterpart from DR9-North (ls_dr9.wise_n), called ls_dr10.wise. Note that the additional columns in DR10 (almost all of them related to the i-band) are not in DR9-North. Values for Northern sources in those columns of the combined tables have the value -9999.
LS DR10 Database Main Tables
| Table | Description |
|---|---|
| apflux_s | Aperture flux values of tractor objects in DR10-South |
| apflux | Combined aperture flux values of tractor objects from DR10-South combined with DR9-North |
| tractor | Main tractor photometry catalog (combined DR10-South and DR9-North); Less frequently used aperture fluxes and light-curve columns are placed in apflux and wise tables, respectively |
| tractor_s | Main tractor photometry catalog for DR10-South; Less frequently used aperture fluxes and light-curve columns are placed in apflux and wise tables, respectively |
| wise_s | WISE light-curve photometry of objects from DR10-South |
| wise | Combined WISE light-curve photometry of objects from DR10-South and DR9-North |
LS DR10 Database Auxiliary Tables
| Table | Description |
|---|---|
| bricks | Table with RA and Dec bounds for each geometrical brick in the survey |
| bricks_s | Table with information that summarizes the contents of each brick in DR10-South |
| depth_summary_s | A summary of the depth histogram from DR10-South |
| photo_z | Photometric redshifts from Zhou et al. 2023 (trained on DESI EDR z) |
A sky map of the full imaging survey coverage (DR10-South and DR9-North) is included below, color-coded by the depth in the z-band filter, and shown in an equatorial projection. The solid grey line traces the Galactic plane. (Figure credit: Dustin Lang).
LS DR9
The ninth data release (DR9) is the official release used to select DESI targets. It contains data over the entire footprint of the DESI survey, including data from MzLS (z-band) and BASS (g & r bands) surveys (DR9-North), and data from DECaLS (g, r, & z bands; DR9-South). The footprint of DR9 covers approximately 14,800 deg² with 3 passes in all three optical filters (g, r, z), and over 19,000 deg² with at least one pass in all three filters. The main changes between DR8 and DR9 consist in improvements of the data processing and catalog creation. Additionally, the unWISE images used to extract WISE forced photometry for DR9 include up to year 6 of NEOWISE Reactivation. An overview of the Legacy Surveys is available in Dey et al. (2019).
LS DR9 Database Main Tables
| Table | Description |
|---|---|
| apflux_s | Aperture flux values of tractor objects in DR9-South |
| apflux_n | Aperture flux values of tractor objects in DR9-North |
| apflux | Combined aperture flux values of tractor objects from DR9-South combined with DR9-North |
| tractor_s | Main tractor photometry catalog for DR9-South; Less frequently used aperture fluxes and light-curve columns are placed in apflux and wise tables, respectively |
| tractor_n | Main tractor photometry catalog for DR9-North; Less frequently used aperture fluxes and light-curve columns are placed in apflux and wise tables, respectively |
| tractor | Main tractor photometry catalog (combined DR9-South and North); Less frequently used aperture fluxes and light-curve columns are placed in apflux and wise tables, respectively |
| wise_s | WISE light-curve photometry of objects from DR9-South |
| wise_n | WISE light-curve photometry of objects from DR9-North |
| wise | Combined WISE light-curve photometry of objects from DR9-South and DR9-North |
LS DR9 Database Auxiliary Tables
| Table | Description |
|---|---|
| bricks_s | Table with information that summarizes the contents of each brick in DR9-South |
| bricks_n | Table with information that summarizes the contents of each brick in DR9-North |
| bricks | Table with RA and Dec bounds for each geometrical brick in the survey |
| depth_summary_s | A summary of the depth histogram from DR9-South |
| depth_summary_n | A summary of the depth histogram from DR9-North |
| ccds_annotated | Additional information gathered during calibration pre-processing before running the Tractor reductions |
| forced | Forced photometry results, for all CCDs that were included in the DR9 processing |
| photo_z | Photometric redshifts from Zhou et al. 2021 (trained on non-DESI z) |
| photo_z_9p1 | Photometric redshifts from Zhou et al. 2023 (trained on DESI EDR z) |
A sky map of the full imaging survey coverage is included below, color-coded by the depth in the z-band filter, and shown in an equatorial projection. The solid grey line traces the Galactic plane. (Figure credit: Dustin Lang).
LS DR8
Data release 8 (DR8) is the eighth public data release of the Legacy Surveys. It is the sixth public data release of images and catalogs from DECaLS (DR7) comprised the fifth release of data from DECaLS) and the third release of data from BASS and MzLS (DR6 comprised the second release of data from BASS and MzLS). DR8 is the first release to include images and catalogs from all three of the Legacy Surveys in a single release. Imaging from the Legacy Surveys is first reduced through the NOIRLab Community Pipeline before being processed using the Tractor processing tool. DR8 also includes WISE fluxes from all imaging through year 4 of NEOWISE-Reactivation force-photometered in the unWISE maps at the locations of Legacy Surveys optical sources.
Initially, they were also crossmatched with several tables of the SDSS survey. These table start with dr8_<north|south> followed by the SDSS table they are crossmatched against (not listed in the table below). Example: ls_dr8.dr8_north_specobj_dr14.
LS DR8 Database Main Tables
| Table | Description |
|---|---|
| apflux_s | Aperture flux values of tractor objects in DR8-South |
| apflux_n | Aperture flux values of tractor objects in DR8-North |
| apflux | Combined aperture flux values of tractor objects from DR8-South combined with DR9-North |
| tractor | Main tractor photometry catalog (combined DR8-South and DR8-North); Less frequently used aperture fluxes and light-curve columns are placed in apflux and wise tables, respectively |
| tractor_s | Main tractor photometry catalog for DR8-South; Less frequently used aperture fluxes and light-curve columns are placed in apflux and wise tables, respectively |
| tractor_n | Main tractor photometry catalog for DR8-North; Less frequently used aperture fluxes and light-curve columns are placed in apflux and wise tables, respectively |
| wise_s | WISE light-curve photometry of objects from DR8-South |
| wise_n | WISE light-curve photometry of objects from DR8-North |
| wise | Combined WISE light-curve photometry of objects from DR8-South and DR8-North |
LS DR8 Database Auxiliary Tables
| Table | Description |
|---|---|
| bricks_s | Table with information that summarizes the contents of each brick in DR8-South |
| bricks_n | Table with information that summarizes the contents of each brick in DR8-North |
| bricks | Table with RA and Dec bounds for each geometrical brick in the survey |
| depth_s | A concatenation of the depth histograms for each brick in DR8-South |
| depth_n | A concatenation of the depth histograms for each brick in DR8-South |
| depth_summary_s | A summary of the depth histogram from DR8-South |
| depth_summary_n | A summary of the depth histogram from DR8-North |
| ccds_annotated | Additional information gathered during calibration pre-processing before running the Tractor reductions |
| forced | Forced photometry results, for all CCDs that were included in the DR8 processing |
| photo_z | Photometric redshifts |
LS DR8 Value-Added Catalogs
| Table | Description |
|---|---|
| galaxy_zoo | Morphology measurements for galaxies in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys plus estimated credible intervals (error bars) around each vote fraction |
Data Access
The Legacy Surveys data are accessible by a variety of means:
Data Lab Table Access Protocol (TAP) service
TAP provides a convenient access layer to the LS catalog database. TAP-aware clients (such as TOPCAT) can point to https://datalab.noirlab.edu/tap, select the ls_dr10 database, and see the database tables and descriptions. You can also view the LS tables and descriptions in the Data Lab table browser.
Data Lab Query Client
The Query Client is available as part of the Data Lab software distribution. The Query Client provides a Python API to Data Lab database services. These services include anonymous and authenticated access through synchronous or asynchronous queries of the catalog made directly to the database. Additional Data Lab services for registered users include personal database storage and storage through the Data Lab VOSpace.
The Query Client can be called from a Jupyter Notebook on the Data Lab Notebook server. Example notebooks are provided to users upon creation of their user account (register here), and are also available to browse on GitHub at https://github.com/astro-datalab/notebooks-latest.
Image Cutouts
The Data Lab Simple Image Access (SIA) service provide users with a fast way to retrieve cutouts from Legacy Surveys images. See the How to use the Simple Image Access (SIA) service Jupyter notebook.
For LS DR9, the SIA URL is:
https://datalab.noirlab.edu/sia/ls_dr9
For LS DR8, the SIA URL is:
https://datalab.noirlab.edu/sia/ls_dr8
In addition, sections of the Legacy Surveys can be obtained as JPEGs or FITS files using the Legacy Surveys team cutout service, as follows:
FITS: https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/cutout.fits?ra=216.0276&dec=34.8592&layer=ls-dr10&pixscale=1.00
where "bands" is a string such as "griz","grz","g", etc. Replacing layer=ls-dr10 with layer=ls-dr10-model or layer=ls-dr10-resid will instead return cutouts for the model and residual images, respectively. For more options, see the Legacy Surveys page on Obtaining Images and the Legacy Surveys Viewer Tips and Tricks.
FITS: https://www.legacysurvey.org/viewer/cutout.fits?ra=199.1111&dec=17.700&layer=ls-dr9&pixscale=0.25
where "bands" is a string such as "grz","gz","g", etc. This will merge the northern (MzLS+BASS) and equatorial (DECam) images at the Dec=32.375 line. Replacing layer=ls-dr9 with layer=ls-dr9-model or layer=ls-dr9-resid will instead return cutouts for the model and residual images, respectively.
DR8: JPEG: http://legacysurvey.org/viewer/jpeg-cutout/?ra=190.1086&dec=1.2005&layer=dr8&pixscale=0.27&bands=grz
FITS: http://legacysurvey.org/viewer/fits-cutout/?ra=190.1086&dec=1.2005&layer=dr8&pixscale=0.27&bands=grz
where "bands" is a string such as "grz","gz","g", etc. This will merge the northern (MzLS+BASS) and equatorial (DECam) images at the Dec=32.375 line. Replacing layer=dr8 with layer=dr8-model or layer=dr8-resid will instead return cutouts for the model and residual images, respectively.
Jupyter Notebook Server
The Data Lab Jupyter Notebook server (authenticated service) contains several examples of how to access and visualize the LS catalog:
- DESI Legacy Surveys and SDSS/BOSS Large Scale Structure
- Star/Galaxy/QSO Classification in the DESI Imaging Legacy Surveys
- Locating Milky Way Analogues in Legacy Surveys Data
The NSF NOIRLab Astro Data Archive access
The NSF NOIRLab Astro Data Archive portal can be used to retrieve raw, and calibrated Legacy Surveys images, as well as the Tractor catalogs. Use the Search tool in the Astro Data Archive.
Acknowledgments
The Legacy Surveys consist of three individual and complementary projects: the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS; NOAO Proposal ID # 2014B-0404; PIs: David Schlegel and Arjun Dey), the Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey (BASS; NOAO Proposal ID # 2015A-0801; PIs: Zhou Xu and Xiaohui Fan), and the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey (MzLS; NOAO Proposal ID # 2016A-0453; PI: Arjun Dey). DECaLS, BASS and MzLS together include data obtained, respectively, at the Blanco telescope, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, NSF National Optical Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab); the Bok telescope, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona; and the Mayall telescope, Kitt Peak National Observatory, NOIRLab. The Legacy Surveys project is honored to be permitted to conduct astronomical research on Iolkam Du'ag (Kitt Peak), a mountain with particular significance to the Tohono O'odham Nation.
The NSF NOIRLab is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. Database access and other data services are provided by the Astro Data Lab.
BASS is a key project of the Telescope Access Program (TAP), which has been funded by the National Astronomical Observatories of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (the Strategic Priority Research Program "The Emergence of Cosmological Structures" Grant # XDB09000000), and the Special Fund for Astronomy from the Ministry of Finance. The BASS is also supported by the External Cooperation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant # 114A11KYSB20160057), and Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (Grant # 11433005).
The Legacy Surveys team makes use of data products from the Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (NEOWISE), which is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology. NEOWISE is funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
The Legacy Surveys imaging of the DESI footprint is supported by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH1123, by the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center, a DOE Office of Science User Facility under the same contract; and by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Astronomical Sciences under Contract No.AST-0950945 to NOAO.
This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding for the DES Projects has been provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S. National Science Foundation, the Ministry of Science and Education of Spain, the Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom, the Higher Education Funding Council for England, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago, Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics at the Ohio State University, the Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas A&M University, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo, Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico and the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Collaborating Institutions in the Dark Energy Survey. The Collaborating Institutions are Argonne National Laboratory, the University of California at Santa Cruz, the University of Cambridge, Centro de Investigaciones Enérgeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas–Madrid, the University of Chicago, University College London, the DES-Brazil Consortium, the University of Edinburgh, the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the Institut de Ciències de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC), the Institut de Física d'Altes Energies, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and the associated Excellence Cluster Universe, the University of Michigan, the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, the University of Nottingham, the Ohio State University, the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Portsmouth, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, the University of Sussex, and Texas A&M University.
Photometric Redshifts Acknowledgment
When using data from the Photometric Redshifts for the Legacy Surveys (PRLS) catalog, please include the following additional acknowledgment: The Photometric Redshifts for the Legacy Surveys (PRLS) catalog used in this paper was produced thanks to funding from the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics via grant DE-SC0007914. This applies to the following tables:
